Logic of the Sea Essay Example for Free

Rationale of the Sea Essay The article The Duty of Inquiry originates from the book The Ethics of Belief by William Kingdon Clifford. The creator, William Clifford is an outstanding English savant and mathematician of the nineteenth century. This article discusses conviction and how it requires dependable request. It states that conviction ought to be joined by sensible examination instead of unjustifiable declarations. Additionally, we are the ones answerable for our conviction paying little heed to the results (Clifford). These contentions were conveyed utilizing theoretical circumstances relating to conviction and the significance of request. The author’s fundamental contention is that our convictions go before our activities and even the consequence of these activities, which is the reason we need to assume full liability of these convictions through fitting methods for request. The creator begins by introducing a speculative circumstance of a boat proprietor and his vessel. The boat owner’s vessel is going to head out over the sea with a great deal of travelers on board. In any case, the proprietor believes that the boat may have a few issues, and maybe it isn't fit to head out by any means, nonetheless, he imagines that it is very costly to fix. He gives it some more idea, freeing his psyche from the questions, building up a firm thought that his boat is as yet equipped for cruising. He has persuaded himself and he obviously dismissed his earlier doubts, and he at long last allows he boat to head out. The inescapable occurs, the boat sank, and every one of those on board kicked the bucket or were lost adrift. The boat proprietor gathers the protection, yet somewhere inside him he is blameworthy of what befallen the travelers. The boat proprietor might be earnest with his confirmation of blame; nonetheless, this is as of now immaterial in this circumstance. It’s in light of the fact that the conviction that he summoned were not produced using cautious examination, rather it was from smothering his questions, from negating without anyone else whatever idea of vulnerability he had in any case. In this circumstance, the boat owner’s blame is from the way that he was the person who intentionally and energetically made the temper that caused him to accept that his boat to can at present sail. He had questions in the first place yet he had the option to persuade himself, however his choice is made out of inclination as opposed to what is genuine. He didn’t effectively determine the status of the boat, to see whether his questions may remain constant or not, rather he just idea about it, imagined that it was okay, and decided that it was without a doubt good. He is liable on the grounds that he didn’t do the suitable request to check or refute his considerations. Instead of following up on it, he just idea about it, which on the off chance that we take a gander at it cautiously, it’s somewhat reckless since a ton of lives are in question. The creator at that point attests that the boat owner’s organization is really decided paying little heed to its belongings, so whatever the results of his convictions, he is as yet answerable for it. In the wake of thinking about it, despite the fact that the boat may have effectively cruised around then or in any event, for some more occasions, the insignificant actuality that he has by one way or another accepted that the boat was dishonorable of cruising, he is as yet answerable for it. His blame is now decided if the boat endures. It isn't about the outcomes of the activity, yet about the conviction he had just invoked. From the second he pondered it, he is as of now answerable for his conviction, so it is his assignment that to think about his contemplations, to take suitable methods for request all together check or affirm it. The creator at that point presents another speculative circumstance, this time with respect to strict educating. It is about a noticeable character who is continually assaulted in a composed manner, just to discover after further examinations that the allegations made about him were all bogus. Along these lines, the allegations were promptly undermined. This circumstance is significant on the grounds that it demonstrates that any sensible exertion to know reality or truth of circumstance given could surely disconfirm or refute any of the allegations at first made. This implies due to the exertion applied to know what’s genuine, the allegations made in any case are as of now disconfirmed. Despite the fact that the charges coordinated towards the individual were genuine, they are as yet insignificant to this circumstance. The premise of this is the convictions introduced at first were simply founded on inclination; the allegations made towards that individual were the aftereffect of their partiality or maybe their energy without truly concentrating on real proof. So dependent on this, they truly reserved no privilege to accept on whatever is introduced before them. So when exertion is made to confirm any of this, it could be viewed as a demonstration to discredit the allegations, and supports the author’s contention that the ethical quality of the inquiry is as of now settled despite the fact that the outcomes are known. The writer utilized the means in a specific order so the peruser could develop on the supposition that without a doubt convictions ought to compare to the fitting request. Without request, these convictions were simply useless, and it wouldn’t be advocated by whatever results. Via cautiously dissecting the speculative circumstances presented by William Clifford, we can see that undoubtedly, conviction ought to be joined by sensible examination instead of unjustifiable affirmations, and that we re liable for these convictions. We can accomplish this by through suitable methods for request. Work Cited: Clifford, William Kingdon. The Ethics of Belief. 1877. December 12 2009. http://ajburger. property. com/documents/book. htm#ethics.

Interpret Trends free essay sample

From this I can reason that the individuals who live in the Brisbane city region win significantly more than those in the Sunshine city zone. The distinction in normal pay is $41056. 19. This is a great deal of contrast between the two urban areas. Just as taking a gander at the normal profit, you can likewise observe the normal; clients are eager to spend in these various regions. The individuals who live in Brisbane city are eager to pay a normal of $15125. 53 contrasted with a normal of $5099. 39. This is immense contrast of $10026. 14. I can finish up from these outcomes that those living in the Brisbane City zone are considerably more prone to spend more coming up. This will help me when evaluating my items as it will permit me to alter the costs to guarantee that I am focusing on purchasers inside the moderate value extend for them. This will ideally build my general deals. Piece of the pie | The Yard| BBQ’s R us| Outdoorz| BBQfun| 009 of 2000 BBQs sold in Brisbane| - | 500| 1000| 2010 of 250 BBQ’s in Brisbane| - | 75| 100| From the pie graphs above, you can see that in 2009 and 2010, BBQfun was the main outside retailer as far as number of BBQs sold. In 2009, BBQfun sold half of the BBQs sold anyway this dropped in 2010 to 40%. This shows there is an issue with the measure of BBQs being sold and that BBQfun has lost a portion of its piece of the overall industry. This is most likely because of a need in item advancement regarding the BBQs anyway the way that clients are leaving the store too demonstrates that extreme enhancements should be made. Deals Performance | 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| Total Sales $| 5,000,000| 8,000,000| 10,000,000| 11,000,000| From the outcomes above, you can see that since 2007, the business execution of the organization has consistently expanded. Beginning at $5,000,000 in 2007, the initial 2 years saw a 100% expansion. This has fundamentally dropped from 2009-2010 be that as it may, with just an extra $1,000,000 being made. Connecting in with the piece of the pie results, this demonstrates there is most likely an immense space for item advancement just as the organization expecting to improve generally also! Subjective examination Currently, BBQfun have 3 fundamental contenders: The Yard, BBQ’s R us and Outdoorz. The Yard is an extraordinary contender as they deal top of the line quality, Australian items anyway their stores are not situated in Brisbane which makes them to a lesser degree a neighborhood danger. Different stores anyway have either modest or no imported great and are picking up quality in the Brisbane advertise. I have made a survey to request that my clients discover what makes them come back to our store and keep on buying our items restricted to our rivals. Which store do you lean toward buying items from? BBQfun BBQs R us Outdoorz 2. What makes you keep on visiting our store restricted to the contenders? 3. What do you favor about different stores in contrast with our own? 4. What's your opinion of our client care and in which ways would we be able to improve? 5. What's your opinion about the nature of our items? 6. What are the most loved items that we offer? 7. What is your opinion about the area of our store? Simple open Satisfactory Hard to get to 8. Does having an assurance longer than our rivals, impact you to returned to us? I posed these inquiries to 100 of staff in store on a Saturday. The example I utilized was an open door test as I utilized the initial 100 individuals I could converse with. The criticism that I got from the meetings was the accompanying: * Our greatest rivals were sensibly even in wording measure of individuals lean toward buying items from them. 60% of individuals said that they incline toward buying from our store anyway this could be a one-sided see as they were in our store at that point. The greatest quality of different organizations appeared to be that Outdoorz offered an incredible client care. Clearly they offer free home conveyance, help pressing items and consistently have enough, amicable staff utilized to help with all enquires. This is something where we can hope to improve. * Our client assistance is seen as extraordinary anyway the primary upgrades I assembled were that we have to have mor e staff during occupied periods. This is something to make a move on with the goal that we can offer a better support everything being equal. * The nature of our items was seen as extremely high. 0% of our clients were very content with our items. Additionally, one of the primary reasons buyers persistently purchase from us rather is because of the multi year ensure that we offer contradicted to different stores. This is something we are exceptionally content with and will proceed to screen and give. * The most loved items that we referenced were the Outdoor Furniture assortment. half were content with the quality and cost and wide scope of items that we offer. * I likewise found that the area of our store is a major key to our prosperity and gives us an edge over our rivals. Because of us having a major client vehicle leave and being effectively available, we have an edge over our rivals which we will constantly screen to guarantee this stays the equivalent. By and large, from this criticism, we are doing incredibly well in any case on the off chance that we enhance different regions, for example, client support, I’m sure that our piece of the pie will increment just as our deals and benefit! Openings and Threats Opportunities * A developing business sector in a high development territory with a noteworthy level of the objective market still not mindful of BBQfun’s offer. * Increasing deals openings outside of our objective region †more noteworthy Brisbane Threats Competition from neighborhood independents that can lessen costs as proprietor works lower than our staff-run stores. * Competition from mainstream stores moving into the Brisbane showcase. * A droop in the economy decreasing customer’s discretionary cashflow spent on open air ways of life. Appraisal Task 2: Analyze subjective information †report BBQfun’s showcasing system is taking a gander at using a publicizing spending plan of $250,000 for the year. They are hoping to target neighborhood letter box drops, radio and magazines. BBQfun will utilize post office based mail and nearby promoting, with coupon embeds in the BrisNews magazine prone to be the best of the crusades. There will be no segregation or unscrupulous practices. Word related Health and Safety Act This guarantees the clients and representatives are constantly cared for and given a protected domain to work or shop in. Kelly Marie Vidler S10268 Interpret advertise patterns and improvements Assessment Task 1: Draft Report Kelly Marie Vidler S10268 Interpret showcase patterns and advancements Assessment Task 2: Analyze subjective information report Kelly Marie Vidler S10268 Interpret advertise patterns and advancements Assessment Task 3: Market investigation report and introduction

Freedom costs a buck-oh-five

Freedom costs a buck-oh-five Despite the fact that Ive lived in the Boston area for the past four years, Ive actually never walked the Freedom Trail, the red brick path winding through the city which connects many of the historical sites for which Boston is famous. My parents have done it two or three times while I was in college, but I had just never done it. Mostly I use the city for a) sitting in the Common reading the newspaper on my lunch break and b) shopping. And c) shopping. So this morning, I was psyched when Adam suggested that we join the herds of tourists and walk the trail. It was gorgeous today 82F with a light sea breeze and very little humidity so we hopped in the car and parked in a parking garage downtown. (Normally, we would take the T. But today they were running a shuttle between MITs stop and Park Street, and a crowded shuttle bus wasnt on the list of things with which I felt like dealing today.) We only walked the Boston part of the trail, but we got a nice long walk in today almost four miles! 1. Stars and Stripes cow Boston is in the middle of a Cow Parade. I thought Id look like a super-tourist and pet the cow for the camera. (Note: Only tourists take pictures with the cows. Boston residents are WAY too cool for this sort of thing. When you get to MIT for orientation, you have approximately a two-week grace period in which you are allowed to act like a tourist, but after that you have to pretend to be a jaded Bostonian.) 2. Old statehouse The old statehouse is Bostons oldest surviving building. Right next to the statehouse is a marker commemorating the Boston Massacre, which happened right there. Theres a museum in the statehouse, but it costs money, and Adam and I were determined to spend as little as possible. 3. Waterfront Next, we headed to the waterfront park. Its very nice there, and it smells like the sea! We havent had a hurricane in Boston since Ive been here, other than the remnants which come up the coast, but we do get some pretty sweet noreasters, especially in the winter. Noreasters are like hurricanes, only way more fun. 4. Veggie cow Adam met this veggieburger cow in the waterfront park. 5. Sox cow I like this Red Sox cow because of the World Series ring on the front leg. When the Red Sox had their amazing comeback in the 2004 ALCS to beat the Yankees, my friends and I (and pretty much all of Boston) ran to Fenway Park to celebrate in the streets. I could hear the World Series from my river-facing MacGregor window believe me, its really tough to study for a 7.20 (Human Physiology) test on the liver when the World Series is going on outside your window. 6. Old North Church At the Old North church, we learned that Paul Revere didnt really hang the lanterns in the church himself (he sent somebody else to do it), and that the it was really one if by land, two if by water the British were either going to march to Charlestown by land, or they were going to go via the Charles River. Hope they brought their hazmat suits. 7. Copps burial ground Copps is one of the oldest graveyards in Boston. This guy died in 1747! 8. Haymarket Haymarket is a farmers market held in downtown Boston on Fridays and Saturdays. You can get pounds and pounds of produce at ridiculously cheap prices a dozen oranges for a dollar, six red peppers for two dollars, five pounds of potatoes for a dollar. Its great. I like to go to Haymarket on Saturday mornings and make a nice cheap vegetable stew for dinner. 9. T cow! This is where we live! 10. Frog pond The Boston Common Frog Pond is a wading pool in the summer and an ice skating rink in the winter. By the time we got to Frog Pond, it felt really good to wade in the cool water. 11. Other buildings From Boston Common, you can see the old Hancock Tower, the new Hancock Tower, and the Prudential Center. But thats an entirely different walking tour. :)

The Beginning Of Creative Nonfiction - 1517 Words

The history of creative nonfiction is vast and diverse, spanning from the earliest known civilization to the present. This literary genre includes memoirs, essays, travel writing, and journalism. The literary essay is the mode of creative nonfiction I have chosen for my course project, and I will address the general history of creative nonfiction, focusing on the development of the essay. The origins of this genre date back centuries before Montaigne coined the term â€Å"essay.† The beginning of creative nonfiction began in Mesopotamia (D’Agata 1). John D’Agata states that the Sumerians created the world’s very first writing system, and their earliest accounts were of trade and commerce; in other words, writing began as nonfiction. Sumerian’s†¦show more content†¦In 500 B.C.E., the Greeks were discovering the atom, and Heraclitus drew from these studies to form his belief that the universe is susceptible to change (D’Agata 9). He believed that everything was instable, and his writings projected this view. Even though only fragments of his writings have survived, he has still managed to imprint himself in the ancient roots of the essay. Heraclitus was known as â€Å"The Riddler† because his sentences sometimes used the exact same word to simultaneously signify both a subject and an object (D’Agata 15). E ven the philosopher Socrates found it difficult to read Heraclitus’ works. Socrates said, â€Å"Heraclitus is a writer of the most splendid sort, but I think it would take a diver of the world’s deepest seas to get to the bottom of him (D’Agata 16). Aside from his ambiguous writing style, Heraclitus is also one of the first well-known writers to ask a question that has produced many future great works of creative nonfiction—What do I know? After the birth of Christ, literary nonfiction and the essay became overlooked due to the rise of the information age. Roman writers rarely wrote in the essay form, yet a few authors maintained the nonfiction tradition. Lucius Seneca wrote letters to battle his extreme uncertainty about himself. Like other letters, Seneca’s pieces are personal expositions that are addressed to another person;Show MoreRelatedBased on True Events A Glance into the Nonfiction Novel Genre979 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The best nonfiction recognizes the impossibility of perfect representation, the dream of the 1:1 ratio,† (Sharlett). What Jeff Sharlet means in this quote is that facts cannot be perfectly represented, regardless of any type of imagery or descriptions, so a good nonfiction work uses only what is needed to get the message across. Beginning in the 20th century, many nonfiction writers would even look towards fiction for the resources to describe what was considered impossible t o describe (Taylor)Read MoreA Literary Magazine Is A Distinctive Publication That Focuses1014 Words   |  5 Pagespublication that focuses on different genres. Some genres that the magazine concentrates on is creative nonfiction, fiction, poetry, and drama. In addition, a literary magazine is composed of different productions such as memoirs and book reviews. They contain interested topics and can be found in local bookstores, libraries, and online. One unique magazine that showcase works of creative nonfiction, fiction, and poetry is Ragazine.CC. Ragazine.CC is an electronic based magazine and it is publishedRead MoreThe Things I Know Nothing At All : A Little Thing From Experience1632 Words   |  7 Pagesmicro fiction, or creative non-fiction. It is inspired by Anne Carson’s Short Talks where she analyzes different subjects that are interconnected on a grander scheme. I used Janet Burroway’s Imaginative Writing: the Elements of Craft to create my creative non-fiction piece and to develop its subjects. The goal of my project is to offer a different perception on subjects that are deemed irrelevant, but present an insight that shows a collective meaning. The genre of creative nonfiction is evolving andRead MoreReflection Of Creative Writing811 Words   |  4 PagesCreative Writing was a class I never imagined taking. In high school, I enjoyed the small section of English class that was set aside for creative writing. That was all it was; a small section of my class time dedicated to writing about whatever I wanted. Reading has been my favorite hobby for as long as I can remember. Sitting in my advisor’s office at the beginning of summer; I was hesitant about taking this class. I have never actually taken a class specifically for creative writing and was afraidRead MoreWriting Is An Art That Improves Through Time With Consistent Practice And Exploration Of One s Skills1234 Words   |  5 Pagesthe context of creative writing, poetry, as well as fictional writing; something I had little to no experience in. With the correct guidance from you, my professor, and consistent practicing, I was able to create five pieces that I beli eve to be some of my best work in these particular genres of writing. Although they are a work in progress, they are the beginning to what can be extended into something more. The first piece that is presented in this portfolio is the creative nonfiction writing assignmentRead MoreMy First Poem By Samantha871 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout Creative Writing, I have worked on countless poems and wrote several pieces of nonfiction and fiction. I have selected five poems along with two pieces of fiction and one piece of nonfiction. My first poem is called Poem I in the Untitled Series by Samantha. I chose to not name my poems because I didn’t want to limit the reader. The first poem is four quatrains and is about fall and winter. I tired to experiment with end rhythm. I decide to follow the rhythm pattern A, B, C, B. It’sRead MoreTruman Capote s The Cold Blood1375 Words   |  6 Pagesfascinating portrayal of the Clutter family’s tragic murder. A typical novel, flooded with the complexities of the author’s creative mind, conveys the plot amidst vivid descriptions of the setting and characters to develop a fantasy; however, In Cold Blood utilizes the same elements to portray a stark, sometimes unsettling, reality. From the very beginning of the novel, Capote describes the setting of the Clutter murders, the town of Holcomb, with the vibrant flare of an extroverted gossiperRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Guns Of August Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pagesperhaps the most famous war in American history. Most people only know that the Great war was the first world war that caused catastrophe through the worlds alliances. The Guns of August also known as August 1914 is a historical work of nonfiction written about the beginning of World War I. The Guns of August is an interesting book that goes through the first couple of months of the war. This book explains in great detail of the causes of the war like the de ath of Arch duke Franz Ferdinand. His death wasRead MoreMy Experience Of Reading And Writing1173 Words   |  5 Pageswhen I want to order something from a restaurant I have to read the menu, add up the cost and determine whether or not I get to order what I want or have to cut back a little depending on how much money I have in my pocket at the time. From the beginning I remember hearing someone read to me or reading to myself.Most of the time it would be Captain Underpants or Magic Tree house.Now that i’ve grown up the books have gotten bigger and sometimes I have to write essays on them.I am not great at writingRead MoreThe Art Of Reading874 Words   |  4 PagesJeremy Lutz 5/4/15 Mrs. Bowen The Art of Reading Reading has shifted the culture and social atmosphere of society from the beginning of time. Reading started as a form of communication then became a necessity as civilizations grew. People depended upon reading to foster intellectual growth throughout their traditions as early as 40,000 years ago. From this great historical timeline of books, come the early literary masterpieces such as The Iliad, The Odyssey, and more profound books still applied

Marriage Is A Important Part Of Modern Society - 936 Words

Marriage continues to be a relevant part of modern society. Weddings are occurring and the majority of individuals are committing to a lifelong partnership towards somebody they love. Within the United States divorce rates are high and a movement towards marital education has emerged to help combat the problem (Hawkins, Carroll, Doherty, 2004). Marital education programs are being used as interventions in order to help married couples develop and maintain a satisfying life together. Education and training has been used by generalist social workers to help individuals and groups learn new skills and concepts and are considered interventions when used as the primary goal of the interaction (Poulin, 2010). The chosen population for this literature review is a legally married couple that is â€Å"considered healthy marriage-a generous, respectful, equal partnership free of abuse† (Hawkins et al., 2004, p.547). The chosen intervention for this review is marital and relationship edu cation. While the studies on this intervention are ongoing, â€Å"results replicate previous findings that skills-based relationship education enhances couple communication and prevents erosion of relationship satisfaction† (Halford, Sanders, Behrens, 2001, p.765). Others studies agree that â€Å"enough is known to continue the work that has begun† (Hawkins et al., 2004, p.547). While different studies use different terminology, the intervention used in assisting married couples achieve satisfying lives together isShow MoreRelatedMarriage, Family, And Religion1687 Words   |  7 Pages Marriage, Family, and Religion Omar De La Garza Texas AM International University Abstract The institutions of marriage and family are fundamental concepts to the functioning of our present day society. In this paper, marriage and family and their changes over time will be discussed. Topics such as religion, which plays an important role is the development and changes of ideas regarding these two topics will be approached as well as the social changes due to tradition and theRead MoreFamily Marriage Dynamics : From Personal Observation1617 Words   |  7 PagesFamily Marriage Dynamics: From Personal Observation Introduction Marriage is an important institution that involves the union of people who are committed to establish a family. Due to the significance of marriage in many societies, it is considered a cultural issue that is affected by factors such as parental influence, religion, education background, occupation and even socioeconomic status. In many societies across the world, marriage has been partly arranged by parents based on familial considerationsRead MoreDivorce and Marriages in the US1441 Words   |  6 Pagesno one can deny how traumatizing a failed marriage can be to one’s health. Marriage is a failed and outdated practice, in the next century it has to be a practice that ceases to exist. About four-in-ten (39%) Americans hold the view that â€Å"marriage is becoming obsolete.† An over ten percent increase from merely forty years ago when only twenty-eight percent of the population held that view (A Record Low). We are living in a society where the role of marriage has been largely diminishing, on the rateRead MoreThe Role of Family in Early Modern England961 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of Family in Early Modern England During the early modern period of Englands history, the role of family played an important part in society. This was the same for both governed and governing classes. The nuclear family (father, mother and children) as opposed to extended family was central to the residential and emotional affairs of most people. Patriarchachal society was the style of the time, males dominated in all aspects of life. The male was always the head of the householdRead MoreThree Theoretical Approaches to Sociology1326 Words   |  6 Pagesrelatively modern times the prevalent sociological perspective was Functionalism, a paradigm which analyzes social structures (such as religion, schooling, or race relations) to deduce what social functions (such as marriage conventions, college attendance, or hiring practices) derive from them. This theoretical approach views society as a system of inter-dependent social functions each working to maintain equilibrium and stability within the whole. The social function of marriage, for instanceRead MorePope John Chritianity960 Words   |  4 Pagesadherent’s life, assisting them in following God’s will. The most important representation of these ethics being used in practice is by the ultimate model of goodness, Jesus Christ. Jesus’ words and actions reflect the key foundations of ethical teachings, such as agape love, compassion, and unity, through which he encouraged adherents to live their lives by through his ministry. The application of these ethical teachings into modern society, was catalyzed by Pope John XXIII. Throughout his 5 year papacyRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1115 Words   |  5 Pagesbicycle, the tin can, the steam locomotive, exercise, and the Bennet sisters: all of these were creations that came from Regency England. Each of these items have had a lasting effect on modern day society. While the Bennet sisters seem the least relevant in 2016, the story of their lives provides modern society with insight into how the upper class in Regency England lived. The Bennet sisters themselves are an eclectic group of girls; each one has her own distinct personality. In Pride and PrejudiceRead MoreFeminist Making A Great Change For The Family936 Words   |  4 Pageskey parts to accelerate people to be â€Å"ideal worker†. â€Å"As Meg Luxton points out, neoliberal social policies have increased the care work that families must handle, and weakened families’ social-safety net. † (Fox, 2015, p205) However, there are some negative effects from feminist that people cannot ignore. The difficulty of procuring a good job and the high cost of urban housing, along with a range of cultural changes, have driven rates of marriage down and the average ages of first marriage up. SinceRead MoreMarg aret Fuller s Transcendentalist Views1039 Words   |  5 PagesThrough Margaret Fuller’s transcendentalist views, she was able to leave a deep and lasting impact on feminism, from her emphasis on virginity as a means of self-reliance, to her criticism of marriage, and her reinventing of the Madonna or Mary figure. Due to her father’s want of an intellectual heir, Margaret Fuller, born in Cambridge in 1810, had the rare opportunity few girls had during her time- she was properly educated. Influenced momentously by Romanticism and New England TranscendentalismRead MoreIslamic Ideas on Arranged Marriages1887 Words   |  7 Pages Marriage is an institute commemorated in most parts of the world. Unlike western societies, where love is a precondition to marriage, in many other parts of the world it is still not a requirement. A popular saying among these traditional cultures is first comes marriage, and then comes love. The Islamic community is one of the many cultures that embrace arranged marriages. Until very recently, research on Islamic marriage and family formation have been sparse. Raeann Hamon summarizes this absence

Industrial Policy Free Essays

INDUSTRIAL POLICY SINCE 1956 When India achieved Independence in 1947, the national consensus was in favour of rapid industrialization of the economy which was seen not only as the key to economic development but also to economic sovereignty. In the subsequent years, India’s Industrial Policy evolved through successive Industrial Policy Resolutions and Industrial Policy Statements. Specific priorities for industrial development were also laid down in the successive Five Year Plans. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Building on the so-called â€Å"Bombay Plan†1 in the pre-Independence era, the first Industrial Policy Resolution announced in 1948 laid down broad contours of the strategy of industrial development. At that time the Constitution of India had not taken final shape nor was the Planning Commission constituted. Moreover, the necessary legal framework was also not put in place. Not surprisingly therefore, the Resolution was somewhat broad in its scope and direction. Yet, an important distinction was made among industries to be kept under the exclusive ownership of Government, i. e. the public sector, those reserved for private sector and the joint sector. Subsequently, the Indian Constitution was adopted in January 1950, the Planning Commission was constituted in March 1950 and the Industrial (Department and Regulation) Act (IDR Act) was enacted in 1951 with the objective of empowering the Government to take necessary steps to regulate the pattern of industrial development through licensing. This paved the way for the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, which was the first comprehensive statement on the strategy for industrial development in India. Industrial Policy Resolution – 1956 The Industrial Policy Resolution – 1956 was shaped by the Mahalanobis Model of growth, which suggested that emphasis on heavy industries would lead the economy towards a long term higher growth path. The Resolution widened the scope of the public sector. The objective was to accelerate 1 Bombay Plan prepared by leading Indian industrialists in 1944-45 had recommended government support for industrialization, including a direct role in the production of capital goods. economic growth and boost the process of industrialization as a means to achieving a socialistic pattern of society. Given the scarce capital and inadequate entrepreneurial base, the Resolution accorded a predominant role to the State to assume direct responsibility for industrial development. All industries of basic and strategic importance and those in the nature of public utility services besides those requiring large scale investment were reserved for the public secto r. The Industrial Policy Resolution – 1956 classified industries into three categories. The first category comprised 17 industries (included in Schedule A of the Resolution) exclusively under the domain of the Government. These included inter alia, railways, air transport, arms and ammunition, iron and steel and atomic energy. The second category comprised 12 industries (included in Schedule B of the Resolution), which were envisaged to be progressively State owned but private sector was expected to supplement the efforts of the State. The third category contained all the remaining industries and it was expected that private sector would initiate development of these industries but they would remain open for the State as well. It was envisaged that the State would facilitate and encourage development of these industries in the private sector, in accordance with the programmes formulated under the Five Year Plans, by appropriate fiscal measures and ensuring adequate infrastructure. Despite the demarcation of industries into separate categories, the Resolution was flexible enough to allow the required adjustments and modifications in the national interest. Another objective spelt out in the Industrial Policy Resolution – 1956 was the removal of regional disparities through development of regions with low industrial base. Accordingly, adequate infrastructure for industrial development of such regions was duly emphasized. Given the potential to provide large-scale employment, the Resolution reiterated the Government’s determination to provide all sorts of assistance to small and cottage industries for wider dispersal of the industrial base and more equitable distribution of income. The Resolution, in fact, reflected the prevalent value system of India in the early 1950s, which was centered around self sufficiency in industrial 3 production. The Industrial Policy Resolution – 1956 was a landmark policy statement and it formed the basis of subsequent policy announcements. Industrial Policy Measures in the 1960s and 1970s Monopolies Inquiry Commission (MIC) was set up in 1964 to review various aspects pertaining to concentration of economic power and operations of industrial licensing under the IDR Act, 1951. While emphasizing that the planned economy contributed to the growth of industry, the Report by MIC concluded that the industrial licensing system enabled big business houses to obtain disproportionately large share of licenses which had led to pre-emption and foreclosure of capacity. Subsequently, the Industrial Licensing Policy Inquiry Committee (Dutt Committee), constituted in 1967, recommended that larger industrial houses should be given licenses only for setting up industry in core and heavy investment sectors, thereby necessitating reorientation of industrial licensing policy. In 1969, the monopolies and restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act was introduced to enable the Government to effectively control concentration of economic power. The Dutt Committee had defined large business houses as those with assets of more than Rs. 350 million. The MRTP Act, 1969 defined large business houses as those with assets of Rs. 200 million and above. Large industries were designated as MRTP companies and were eligible to participate in industries that were not reserved for the Government or the Small scale sector. The new Industrial Licensing Policy of 1970 classified industries into four categories. First category, termed as ‘Core Sector’, consisted of basic, critical and strategic industries. Second category termed as ‘Heavy Investment Sector’, comprised projects involving investment of more than Rs. 50 million. The third category, the ‘Middle Sector’ consisted of projects with investment in the range of Rs. 10 million to Rs. 50 million. The fourth category was ‘Delicensed Sector’, in which investment was less than Rs. 0 million and was exempted from licensing requirements. The industrial licensing policy of 1970 4 confined the role of large business houses and foreign companies to the core, heavy and export oriented sectors. The Industrial Policy Statement – 1973 With a view to prevent excessive concentration of industrial activity in the large industrial houses, this Statement gave preference to small and medium entrepreneurs over the large houses and foreign companies in setting up of new capacity particularly in the production of mass consumption goods. New undertakings of up to Rs. 10 million by way of fixed assets were exempted from licensing requirements for substantial expansion of assets. This exemption was not allowed to MRTP companies, foreign companies and existing licensed or registered undertakings having fixed assets of Rs. 50 million and above. The Industrial Policy Statement -1977 This Statement emphasized decentralization of industrial sector with increased role for small scale, tiny and cottage industries. It also provided for close interaction between industrial and agricultural sectors. Highest priority was accorded to power generation and transmission. It expanded the list of items reserved for exclusive production in the small scale sector from 180 to more than 500. For the first time, within the small scale sector, a tiny unit was defined as a unit with investment in machinery and equipment up to Rs. 0. 1 million and situated in towns or villages with a population of less than 50,000 (as per 1971 census). Basic goods, capital goods, high technology industries important for development of small scale and agriculture sectors were clearly delineated for large scale sector. It was also stated that foreign companies that diluted their foreign equity up to 40 per cent under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1973 were to be treated at par with the Indian companies. The Policy Statement of 1977 also issued a list of industries where no foreign collaboration of financial or technical nature was allowed as indigenous technology was already available. Fully owned foreign companies were allowed only in highly export oriented sectors or sophisticated technology areas. For all approved foreign investments, companies were completely free to repatriate capital and remit profits, dividends, royalties, etc. Further, in order to ensure balanced regional development, it was decided not to issue fresh licenses for setting up new industrial units within certain limits of large metropolitan cities (more than 1 million population) and urban areas (more than 0. 5 million population). Industrial Policy Statement -1980 The industrial Policy Statement of 1980 placed accen t on promotion of competition in the domestic market, technological upgradatrion and modernization of industries. Some of the socio-economic objectives spelt out in the Statement were i) optimum utilisation of installed capacity, ii) higher productivity, iii) higher employment levels, iv) removal of regional disparities, v) strengthening of agricultural base, vi) promotion of export oriented industries and vi) consumer protection against high prices and poor quality. Policy measures were announced to revive the efficiency of public sector undertakings (PSUs) by developing the management cadres in functional fields viz. operations, finance, marketing and information system. An automatic expansion of capacity up to five per cent per annum was allowed, particularly in the core sector and in industries with long-term export potential. Special incentives were granted to industrial units which were engaged in industrial processes and technologies aiming at optimum utilization of energy and the exploitation of alternative sources of energy. In order to boost the development of small scale industries, t he investment limit was raised to Rs. 2 million in small scale units and Rs. . 5 million in ancillary units. In the case of tiny units, investment limit was raised to Rs. 0. 2 million. Industrial Policy Measures during the 1980s Policy measures initiated in the first three decades since Independence facilitated the establishment of basic industries and building up of a broadbased infrastructure in the country. The Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1900), recognized the need for consolidation of these strengths and initiating policy measures to prepare the Indian industry to respond effectively to emerging challenges. A number of measures were initiated towards technological and managerial modernization to improve productivity, quality and to reduce cost of production. The public sector was freed from a number of constraints and was provided with greater autonomy. There was some progress in the process of deregulation during the 1980s. In 1988, all industries, excepting 26 industries spec ified in the negative list, were exempted from licensing. The exemption was, however, subject to investment and locational limitations. The automotive industry, cement, cotton spinning, food processing and polyester filament yarn industries witnessed modernization and expanded scales of production during the 1980s. With a view to promote industrialization of backward areas in the country, the Government of India announced in June, 1988 the Growth Centre Scheme under which 71 Growth Centers were proposed to be set up throughout the country. Growth centers were to be endowed with basic infrastructure facilities such as power, water, telecommunications and banking to enable them to attract industries. Industrial Policy Statement- 1991 The Industrial Policy Statement of 1991 stated that â€Å"the Government will continue to pursue a sound policy framework encompassing encouragement of entrepreneurship, development of indigenous technology through investment in research and development, bringing in new technology, dismantling of the regulatory system, development of the capital markets and increased competitiveness for the benefit of common man†. It further added that â€Å"the spread of industrialization to backward areas of the country will be actively promoted through appropriate incentives, institutions and infrastructure investments†. The objective of the Industrial Policy Statement – 1991 was to maintain sustained growth in productivity, enhance gainful employment and achieve optimal utilization of human resources, to attain international competitiveness, and to transform India into a major partner and player in the global arena. Quite clearly, the focus of the policy was to unshackle the Indian industry from bureaucratic controls. This called for a number of far-reaching reforms : †¢ A substantial modification of Industry Licencing Policy was deemed necessary with a view to ease restraints on capacity creation, respond to emerging domestic and global opportunities by improving productivity. Accordingly, the Policy Statement included abolition of industrial licensing for most industries, barring a han dful of industries for reasons of security and trategic concerns, social and environmental issues. Compulsory licencing was required only in respect of 18 industries. These included, inter alia, coal and lignite, distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks, cigars and cigarettes, drugs and pharmaceuticals, white goods, hazardous chemicals. The small scale sector continued to be reserved. Norms for setting up industries (except for industries subject to compulsory licensing) in cities with more than one million population were further liberalised. Recognising the complementarily of domestic and foreign investment, foreign direct investment was accorded a significant role in policy announcements of 1991. Foreign direct investment (FDI) up to 51 per cent foreign equity in high priority industries requiring large investments and advanced technology was permitted. Foreign equity up to 51 per cent was also allowed in trading companies primarily engaged in export activities. These importa nt initiatives were expected to provide a boost to investment besides enabling access to high technology and marketing expertise of foreign companies. With a view to inject technological dynamism in the Indian industry, the Government provided automatic approval for technological agreements related to high priority industries and eased procedures for hiring of foreign technical expertise. †¢ Major initiatives towards restructuring of public sector units (PSUs) were initiated, in view of their low productivity, over staffing, lack of technological upgradation and low rate of return. In order to raise resources and ensure wider public participation PSUs, it was decided to offer its shareholding stake to mutual funds, financial institutions, general public and workers. Similarly, in order to revive and rehabilitate chronically sick PSUs, it was decided to refer them to the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR). The Policy also provided for greater managerial aut onomy to the Boards of PSUs. †¢ The Industrial Policy Statement of 1991 recognized that the Government’s intervention in investment decisions of large companies through MRTP Act had proved to be deleterious for industrial growth. Accordingly, pre-entry scrutiny of investment decisions of MRTP companies was abolished. The thrust of policy was more on controlling unfair and restrictive trade practices. The provisions restricting mergers, amalgamations and takeovers were also repealed. Industrial Policy Measures Since 1991 Since 1991, industrial policy measures and procedural simplifications have been reviewed on an ongoing basis. Presently, there are only six industries which require compulsory licensing. Similarly, there are only three industries reserved for the public sector. Some of important policy measures initiated since 1991 are set out below: †¢ Since 1991, promotion of foreign direct investment has been an integral part of India’s economic policy. The Government has ensured a liberal and transparent foreign investment regime where most activities are opened to foreign investment on automatic route without any limit on the extent of foreign ownership. FDI up to 100 per cent has also been allowed under automatic route for most manufacturing activities in Special Economic Zones (SEZs). More recently, in 2004, the FDI limits were raised in the private banking sector (up to 74 per cent), oil exploration (up to 100 per cent), petroleum product marketing (up to 100 per cent), petroleum product pipelines (up to 100 per cent), natural gas and LNG pipelines (up to 100 per cent) and printing of scientific and technical magazines, periodicals and journals (up to 100 per cent). In 9 February 2005, the FDI ceiling in telecom sector in certain services was increased from 49 per cent to 74 per cent. Reservation of items of manufacture exclusively in the small scale sector has been an important tenet of industrial policy. Realizing the increased import competition with the removal of quantitative restrictions since April 2001, the Government has adopted a policy of dereservation and has pruned the list of items reserved for SSI sector gradually from 821 items as at end March 1999 to 506 items as on April 6, 2005. Further, the Union Budget 2005-06 has proposed to dereserve 108 it ems which were identified by Ministry of Small Scale Industries. The investment limit in plant and machinery of small scale units has been raised by the Government from time to time. To enable some of the small scale units to achieve required economies of scale, a differential investment limit has been adopted for them since October 2001. Presently, there are 41 reserved items which are allowed investment limit up to Rs. 50 million instead of present limit of Rs. 10 million applicable for other small scale units. †¢ Equity participation up to 24 per cent of the total shareholding in small scale units by other industrial undertakings has been llowed. The objective therein has been to enable the small sector to access the capital market and encourage modernization, technological upgradation, ancillarisation, sub-contracting, etc. †¢ Under the framework provided by the Competition Act 2002, the Competition Commission of India was set up in 2003 so as to prevent practices having adverse impact on competition in markets. †¢ In an effort to mitigate regional imbalances, the Government announced a new North-East Industrial Policy in December 1997 for promoting industrialization in the North-Eastern region. This policy is applicable for the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. The Policy has provided various concessions to industrial units in the North Eastern Region, e. g. , 10 development of industrial infrastructure, subsidies under various schemes, excise and income-tax exemption for a period of 10 years, etc. North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. has been designated as the nodal disbursing agency under the Scheme. †¢ The focus of disinvestment process of PSUs has shifted from sale of minority stakes to strategic sales. Up to December 2004, PSUs have been divested to an extent of Rs. 478 billion. †¢ Apart from general policy measures, some industry specific measures have also been initiated. For instance, Electricity Act 2003 has been enacted which envisaged to delicense power generation and permit captive power plants. It is also intended to facilitate private sector participation in transmission sector and provide open access to grid sector. Various policy measures have facilitated increased private sector participation in key infrastructure sectors such as, telecommunication, roads and ports. Foreign equity participation up to 100 per cent has been allowed in construction and maintenance of roads and bridges. MRTP provisions have been relaxed to encourage private sector financing by large firms in the highway sector. Evidently, in the process of evolution of industrial policy in India, the Government’s intervention has been extensive. Unlike many East Asian countries which used the State intervention to build strong private sector industries, India opted for the State control over key industries in the initial phase of development. In order to promote these industries the Government not only levied high tariffs and imposed import restrictions, but also subsidized the nationalized firms, directed investment funds to them, and controlled both land use and many prices. In India, there has been a consensus for long on the role of government in providing infrastructure and maintaining stable macroeconomic policies. However, the path to be pursued toward industrial development has evolved over time. The form of government intervention in the development strategy needs to be chosen from the two alternatives: ‘Outward-looking development 1 policies’ encourage not only free trade but also the free movement of capital, workers and enterprises. By contrast, ‘inward-looking development policies’ stress the need for one’s own style of development. India initially adopted the latter strategy. The advocates of import substitution in India believed that we should substitute imports with domestic production of both consumer goods and s ophisticated manufactured items while ensuring imposition of high tariffs and quotas on imports. In the long run, these advocates cite the benefits of greater domestic industrial diversification and the ultimate ability to export previously protected manufactured goods, as economies of scale, low labour costs, and the positive externalities of learning by doing cause domestic prices to become more competitive than world prices. However, pursuit of such a policy forced the Indian industry to have low and inferior technology. It did not expose the industry to the rigours of competition and therefore it resulted in low efficiency. The inferior technology and inefficient production practices coupled with focus on traditional sectors choked further expansion of the India industry and thereby limited its ability to expand employment opportunities. Considering these inadequacies, the reforms currently underway aim at infusing the state of the art technology, increasing domestic and external competition and diversification of the industrial base so that it can expand and create additional employment opportunities. In retrospect, the Industrial Policy Resolutions of 1948 and 1956 reflected the desire of the Indian State to achieve self sufficiency in industrial production. Huge investments by the State in heavy industries were designed to put the Indian industry on a higher long-term growth trajectory. With limited availability of foreign exchange, the effort of the Government was to encourage domestic production. This basic strategy guided industrialization until the mid-1980s. Till the onset of reform process in 1991, industrial licensing played a crucial role in channeling investments, controlling entry and expansion of capacity in the Indian industrial sector. As such industrialization occurred in a protected environment, which led to various distortions. Tariffs and quantitative controls largely kept foreign competition out of the domestic 12 market, and most Indian manufacturers looked on exports only as a residual possibility. Little attention was paid to ensure product quality, undertaking R for technological development and achieving economies of scale. The industrial policy announced in 1991, however, substantially dispensed with industrial licensing and facilitated foreign investment and technology transfers, and threw open the areas hitherto reserved for the public sector. The policy focus in the recent years has been on deregulating the Indian industry, enabling industrial restructuring, allowing the industry freedom and flexibility in responding to market forces and providing a business environment that facilitates and fosters overall industrial growth. The future growth of the Indian industry as widely believed, is crucially dependent upon improving the overall productivity of the manufacturing sector, rationalisation of the duty structure, technological upgradation, the search for export markets through promotional efforts and trade agreements and creating an enabling legal environment. Bibliography 1. Ahluwalia, I. J. Productivity and Growth in Indian Manufacturing, Oxford University Press, Delhi , 1991. 2. Government of India Annual Report 2003-04, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. New Delhi. 3. Government of India Handbook of Industrial Policy and Statistics (Various Issues), Office of Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. New Delhi. 4. Government of India Economic Survey 2004-05, Ministry of Finance. New Delhi How to cite Industrial Policy, Essay examples

Graduation Speech Perseverance and Determination Essay Example For Students

Graduation Speech: Perseverance and Determination Essay As a hurdler for County High, I stumble upon some pretty tough obstacles each time I race; the same is true in life. Everyone encounters obstacles, but in order to overcome them and succeed, one must never give up. I love to run hurdles, but unfortunately last year, little pulls and strains prevented me from running to my full potential. One Thursday, we had a home track meet against Lake Stevens. For the first time I was in pretty good shape for my race, the 100-meter hurdles. I began jumping up and down partially to stay warm, and partially to let out some of my excitement. By this time, I had butterflies in my stomach and the adrenaline was pumping. The starter asked us to Take your sweats off and stand behind your blocks. Runners take your marks. Hands shaking, I crouched into the starting blocks. The gun was up. Set! Bang! I bolted out of the blocks. I was way ahead of the other girls when suddenly, I realized I didnt have enough speed to carry me over the next hurdle. Gathering all of the strength I could, I grabbed at the air in hopes of guaranteeing clearance. I had just brushed over the wood when my foot hit the ground and my ankle gave out. I fell. I heard a gasp from the crowd and the other racers feet pounding past me. I got back up. I had never gone over a hurdle with my right leg first, but I did after that fall. Sprinting as fast as I could in between hurdles, I found myself basically bunny hopping over the rest of them. My goal was to cross that finish line and to be able to say that I did the very best that I could, even if I didnt look very graceful along the way. Although it might have seemed like a bad day, I was proud. It was the first time I had ever fallen in a race, and not only did I get back up and keep running, I managed to place second. Sometimes you encounter hurdles in life sometimes you have to adapt and alter your normal routine to clear them. Then there are times you fall; the people surrounding you may gasp they had been rooting for you. But they havent given up on you-its now more than ever that they want you to succeed its human nature to want the underdog to come from behind.