Free Essays on American Economics

Most of the problems of the United states are related to the economy. One of the major issues facing the country today is social security. The United States was one of the last major industrialized nations to establish a social security system. In 1911, Wisconsin passed the first state workers compensation law to be held constitutional. At that time, most Americans believed the government should not have to care for the aged, disabled or needy. But such attitudes changed during the Great Depression in the 1930's. In 1935, Congress passed the Social Security Act. This law became the basis of the U.S. social insurance system. It provided cash benefits to only retired workers in commerce or industry. In 1939, Congress amended the act to benefit and dependent children of retired workers and widows and children of deceased workers . In 1950, the act began to cover many farm and domestic workers, non professional self employed workers, and many state and municipal employees. Coverage became nearly universal in 1956, when lawyers and other professional workers came under the system. Social security is a government program that helps workers and retired workers and their families achieve a degree of economic security. Social security also called social insurance (Robertson p. 33), provides cash payments to help replace income lost as a result of retirement, unemployment, disability, or death. The program also helps pay the cost of medical care for people age 65 or older and for some disabled workers. About one-sixth of the people in the United States receive social security benefits. People become eligible to receive benefits by working in a certain period in a job covered by social security. Employers and workers finance the program through payroll taxes. Participation in the social security system is required for about 95 percent of all U.S. workers. Social security d... Free Essays on American Economics Free Essays on American Economics Most of the problems of the United states are related to the economy. One of the major issues facing the country today is social security. The United States was one of the last major industrialized nations to establish a social security system. In 1911, Wisconsin passed the first state workers compensation law to be held constitutional. At that time, most Americans believed the government should not have to care for the aged, disabled or needy. But such attitudes changed during the Great Depression in the 1930's. In 1935, Congress passed the Social Security Act. This law became the basis of the U.S. social insurance system. It provided cash benefits to only retired workers in commerce or industry. In 1939, Congress amended the act to benefit and dependent children of retired workers and widows and children of deceased workers . In 1950, the act began to cover many farm and domestic workers, non professional self employed workers, and many state and municipal employees. Coverage became nearly universal in 1956, when lawyers and other professional workers came under the system. Social security is a government program that helps workers and retired workers and their families achieve a degree of economic security. Social security also called social insurance (Robertson p. 33), provides cash payments to help replace income lost as a result of retirement, unemployment, disability, or death. The program also helps pay the cost of medical care for people age 65 or older and for some disabled workers. About one-sixth of the people in the United States receive social security benefits. People become eligible to receive benefits by working in a certain period in a job covered by social security. Employers and workers finance the program through payroll taxes. Participation in the social security system is required for about 95 percent of all U.S. workers. Social security d...

Stable Isotope Analysis in Archaeology

Stable Isotope Analysis in Archaeology Stable isotope analysis is a scientific technique which is used by archaeologists and other scholars to collect information from an animals bones to identify the photosynthesis process of the plants it consumed during its lifetime. That information is enormously useful in a wide number of applications, from determining the dietary habits of ancient hominid ancestors to tracing the agricultural origins of seized cocaine and illegally poached rhinoceros horn.   What are Stable Isotopes? All of the earth and its atmosphere is made up of atoms of different elements, such as oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Each of these elements has several forms, based on their atomic weight (the number of neutrons in each atom). For example, 99 percent of all carbon in our atmosphere exists in the form called Carbon-12; but the remaining one percent carbon is made up of two several slightly different forms of carbon, called Carbon-13 and Carbon-14. Carbon-12 (abbreviated 12C) has an atomic weight of 12, which is made up of 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons- the 6 electrons dont add anything to the atomic weight. Carbon-13 (13C) still has 6 protons and 6 electrons, but it has 7 neutrons. Carbon-14 (14C) has 6 protons and 8 neutrons, which is too heavy to hold together in a stable way, and it emits energy to get rid of the excess, which is why scientists call it radioactive. All three forms react the exact same way- if you combine carbon with oxygen you always get carbon dioxide, no matter how many neutrons there are. The 12C and 13C forms are stable- that is to say, they don’t change over time. Carbon-14, on the other hand, is not stable but instead decays at a known rate- because of that, we can use its remaining ratio to Carbon-13 to calculate radiocarbon dates, but that’s another issue entirely. Inheriting Constant Ratios The ratio of Carbon-12 to Carbon-13 is constant in the earth’s atmosphere. There are always one hundred 12C atoms to one 13C atom. During the process of photosynthesis, plants absorb the carbon atoms in the earth’s atmosphere, water, and soil, and store them in the cells of their leaves, fruits, nuts, and roots. But, the ratio of the forms of carbon gets altered as part of the photosynthesis process.   During photosynthesis, plants alter the 100 12C/1 13C chemical ratio differently in different climatic regions. Plants that live in regions with lots of sun and little water have relatively fewer 12C atoms in their cells (compared to 13C) than do plants that live in forests or wetlands. Scientists categorize plants by the version of photosynthesis they use into groups called C3, C4, and CAM.   Are You What You Have Eaten? The ratio of 12C/13C is hardwired into the plant’s cells, and- here’s the best part- as the cells get passed up the food chain (i.e., the roots, leaves, and fruit are eaten by animals and humans), the ratio of 12C to 13C remains virtually unchanged as it is in turn stored in the bones, teeth, and hair of the animals and humans. In other words, if you can determine the ratio of 12C to 13C that is stored in an animals bones, you can figure out whether the plants they ate used C4, C3, or CAM processes, and therefore, what the environment of the plants was like. In other words, assuming you eat locally, where you live is hardwired into your bones by what you eat. That measuring is accomplished by mass spectrometer analysis. Carbon is not by a long shot the only element used by stable isotope researchers. Currently, researchers are looking at measuring the ratios of stable isotopes of oxygen, nitrogen, strontium, hydrogen, sulfur, lead, and many other elements that are processed by plants and animals. That research has led to a simply incredible diversity of human and animal dietary information. Earliest Studies The very first archaeological application of stable isotope research was in the 1970s, by South African archaeologist Nikolaas van der Merwe, who was excavating at the African Iron Age site of Kgopolwe 3, one of several sites in the Transvaal Lowveld of South Africa, called Phalaborwa. Van de Merwe found a human male skeleton in an ash heap that did not look like the other burials from the village. The skeleton was different, morphologically, from the other inhabitants of Phalaborwa, and he had been buried in a completely different manner than the typical villager. The man looked like a Khoisan; and Khoisans should not have been at Phalaborwa, who were ancestral Sotho tribesmen. Van der Merwe and his colleagues J. C. Vogel and Philip Rightmire decided to look at the chemical signature in his bones, and the initial results suggested that the man was a sorghum farmer from a Khoisan village who somehow had died at Kgopolwe 3. Applying Stable Isotopes in Archaeology The technique and results of the Phalaborwa study were discussed at a seminar at SUNY Binghamton where van der Merwe was teaching. At the time, SUNY was investigating Late Woodland burials, and together they decided it would be interesting to see if the addition of maize (American corn, a subtropical C4 domesticate) to the diet would be identifiable in people who formerly only had access to C3 plants: and it was.   That study became the first published archaeological study applying stable isotope analysis, in 1977. They compared the stable carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C) in the collagen of human ribs from an Archaic (2500-2000 BCE) and an Early Woodland (400–100 BCE) archaeological site in New York (i.e., before corn arrived in the region) with the 13C/12C ratios in ribs from a Late Woodland (ca. 1000–1300 CE) and a Historic Period site (after corn arrived) from the same area. They were able to show that the chemical signatures in the ribs were an indication that the maize was not present in the early periods, but had become a staple food by the time of the Late Woodland. Based on this demonstration and available evidence for the distribution of the stable carbon isotopes in nature, Vogel and van der Merwe suggested that the technique could be used to detect maize agriculture in the Woodlands and tropical forests of the Americas; determine the importance of marine foods in the diets of coastal communities; document changes in vegetation cover over time in savannas on the basis of browsing/grazing ratios of mixed-feeding herbivores; and possibly to determine origins in forensic investigations. New Applications of Stable Isotope Research Since 1977, applications of stable isotope analysis have exploded in number and breadth, using the stable isotope ratios of the light elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur in human and animal bone (collagen and apatite), tooth enamel and hair, as well as in pottery residues baked onto the surface or absorbed into the ceramic wall to determine diets and water sources. Light stable isotope ratios (usually of carbon and nitrogen) have been used to investigate such dietary components as marine creatures (e.g. seals, fish, and shellfish), various domesticated plants such as maize and millet; and cattle dairying (milk residues in pottery), and mother’s milk (age of weaning, detected in the tooth row). Dietary studies have been done on hominins from the present day to our ancient ancestors Homo habilis and the Australopithecines. Other isotopic research has focused on determining the geographic origins of things. Various stable isotope ratios in combination, sometimes including the isotopes of heavy elements like strontium and lead, have been used to determine whether the residents of ancient cities were immigrants or were born locally; to trace the origins of poached ivory and rhino horn to break up smuggling rings; and to determine the agricultural origins of cocaine, heroin, and the cotton fiber used to make fake $100 bills.   Another example of isotopic fractionation that has a useful application involves rain, which contains the stable hydrogen isotopes 1H and 2H (deuterium) and the oxygen isotopes 16O and 18O. Water evaporates in large quantities at the equator and the water vapor disperses to the north and south. As the H2O falls back to earth, the heavy isotopes rain out first. By the time it falls as snow at the poles, the moisture is severely depleted in the heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. The global distribution of these isotopes in the rain (and in tap water) can be mapped and the origins of the consumers can be determined by isotopic analysis of hair.   Sources and Recent Studies Grant, Jennifer. Of Hunting and Herding: Isotopic Evidence in Wild and Domesticated Camelids from the Southern Argentine Puna (2120–420years BP). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11 (2017): 29–37. Print.Iglesias, Carlos, et al. Stable Isotope Analysis Confirms Substantial Differences between Subtropical and Temperate Shallow Lake Food Webs. Hydrobiologia 784.1 (2017): 111–23. Print.Katzenberg, M. Anne, and Andrea L. Waters-Rist. Stable Isotope Analysis: A Tool for Studying Past Diet, Demography, and Life History. Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton. Eds. Katzenberg, M. Anne, and Anne L. Grauer. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2019. 467–504. Print.Price, T. Douglas, et al. Isotopic Provenancing of the . Antiquity 90.352 (2016): 1022–37. Print.Salme Ship Burials in Pre-Viking Age EstoniaSealy, J. C., and N. J. van der Merwe. On Approaches to Dietary Reconstruction in the Western Cape: Are You What You Have Eaten?- a Reply to Parkington. Journal of Archaeological Science 19.4 (1992): 459–66. Print. Somerville, Andrew D., et al. Diet and Gender in the Tiwanaku Colonies: Stable Isotope Analysis of Human Bone Collagen and Apatite from Moquegua, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158.3 (2015): 408–22. Print.Sugiyama, Nawa, Andrew D. Somerville, and Margaret J. Schoeninger. Stable Isotopes and Zooarchaeology at Teotihuacan, Mexico Reveal Earliest Evidence of Wild Carnivore Management in Mesoamerica. PLoS ONE 10.9 (2015): e0135635. Print.Vogel, J.C., and Nikolaas J. Van der Merwe. Isotopic Evidence for Early Maize Cultivation in New York State. American Antiquity 42.2 (1977): 238–42. Print.

Petroleum Product Engineering Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Petroleum Product Engineering - Coursework Example According to the STEO report of 2015, the inventory for the global oil has been projected to maintain an average of 1.3 million bbl/day. This oil inventory is on top of the average increase of 0.9 million bbl/d in 2014 (IEA, 2015). Despite the overwhelming supply of oil for the global consumption, the discovery of potential oil reserves never stops. Over the decades, the oil reserves have explored the offshore oil resources, where the potentials are high. The offshore is considered as the next frontier when it comes to the global oil supply. The field of petroleum engineering continues to find innovation that focuses on the discovery of oil reserves, processes for oil extraction and refinery, drilling mechanisms, and other related activities. Offshore drilling is one of the greatest innovations for the petroleum engineering that contributed greatly to the continuous supplication of oil in the whole world. Offshore drilling technology is the mechanical process that involves the drilling of a wellbore along the seabed. This technology is specifically carried out for exploration purposes with its wide applications for discovering oil reserves found along the seabed (Beckman, 2014). The offshore technology in the oil industry started in the year 1950s where the first technologies include semi-submersible rigs and deepwater drillships. Throughout the years, the technologies for offshore drilling keeps on advancing, where there are various types of offshore facilities made available for application in various depths of water. Since its discovery, the offshore drilling technology consistently grows over the years. In fact, it is considered as one of the main sources for oil and petroleum for two decades and more. In the year 2005, the top most producer of oil using offshore facilities comes from the Persian Gulf (Sandrea and Sandrea, 2007). The Persian Gulf is now considered as the world’s top oil producer where the largest oil reserve are

Mini-Project Assignment 2 Customer Relationship Management and Essay

Mini-Project Assignment 2 Customer Relationship Management and E-Commerce Strategies - Essay Example The e-commerce components, meanwhile, are seen as effective in extending the relationship experience from the physical stores to the web, complete with orders and payments processing. These latter components too, can be seen from the overarching perspective of the websites executing on good strategies for managing customer relationships (Google, 2013; Google; 2013b; Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, 2004; Starbucks Corporation, 2013). II. Introduction The discussion here centers on comparing and contrasting the major activities focusing on the customers of both Starbucks and Green Mountain Coffee Roasters within their respective websites. This is done in light of how those customer-focused online activities are backed by information technology, and in light of being able to identify the e-commerce applications as well as the CRM strategies that work well for both sites (Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, 2004; Starbucks Corporation, 2013). III. ... That countries foot print for Starbucks is complemented by a large number of stores, totaling more than 18,000, with about half owned by the company and half being franchises. Looking at the financials, both have managed to do well over the recent years, but over a longer-term horizon of five years, one can see that Green Mountain Coffee Roasters’ share prices have been on a rollercoaster ride, while Starbucks’ share price has steadily improved over that period. Starbucks also has a market capitalization that is six times that of Green Mountain Coffee Roasters (Google, 2013; Google; 2013b; Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, 2004; Starbucks Corporation, 2013). IV. Comparison and Contrast Looking at the two sites at their Home Pages, one can see that there is a decidedly product focus for the two websites, with some highlighted products being front and center in large images in the two sites. The exception is that in the case of Starbucks, there are links to engage the custo mer or visitor to the site on Facebook, Twitter, and what Starbucks calls My Starbucks Idea, which is a kind of forum where customers can share their ideas for products and experiences, and talk to other customers. Here we see a major set of customer interaction activities that, in comparison to Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, is more robust and also front and center together with the products. Green Mountain Coffee in contrast has a more prominent focus on products on their Home Page, with no links for social media and forums present except for a provision for signing up to an email list. The social media interactions and the forum interactions provided by Starbucks can be considered

Inspire to educate Essay Example for Free

Inspire to educate Essay Education is an avenue that enables the production of individuals who knows the proper way to live, learn and work together for the foundation of a strong community. Each and every child deserves the chance to be educated. Such learning must be the kind that involves challenges and stimulates them to achieve their maximum potential. On the Importance of Education The importance of education is quite clear. Education is the knowledge of putting one’s potentials to maximum use. One can safely say that a human being is not in the proper sense till he is educated. This importance of education is basically for two reasons. The first is that the training of a human mind is not complete without education. Education makes man a right thinker. It tells man how to think and how to make decisions. The second reason for the importance of education is that only through the attainment of education, man is enabled to receive information from the external world; to acquaint himself with past history and receive all necessary information regarding the present. Without education, man is as though in a closed room and with education he finds himself in a room with all its windows open towards the outside world (Khan, 2007). Education has an immense impact on the human society. One can safely assume that a person is not in the proper sense till he is educated. It trains the human mind to think the right decisions. In other words, man becomes rational when he is educated. It is through education that knowledge and information is received and spread throughout the world. An educated person cannot read and write and hence he is closed to all the knowledge and wisdom he can gain through books and other mediums. In other words, he is shut off from the outside world. In contrast, an educated man lives in a room with all its windows open towards the outside world. The quality of human resource of a nation is easily judged by the number of literate people living in it. This is to say that education is a must if a nation aspires to achieve growth and development and more importantly sustain it. This may well explain the fact that rich and developed nations of the world have very high literacy rate and productive human resource. In fact these nations have started imparting selective training and education programs so as to meet the new technical and business demands of the 21st century. Keeping the importance of education in mind, the US Department of Education aims to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access. It also establishes policies regarding federal financial aid for education, and distributing as well as monitoring those funds. It also continuously strives to focus national attention on key educational issues and providing equal access to education. The importance of education cannot be neglected by any nation. And in today’s world, the role of education has become even more vital. It is an absolute necessity for economic and social development of any nation (Goel, 2007). Inspiring Children to Learn At one of their forums organized by the Walden University entitled â€Å"M. S. In Education: Teaching in Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Classrooms,† the speakers addressed the issue on how to be able to inspire the children to learn, especially the ones who due to their culture are not supported by their family to succeed in their education. This is what they have to say: Set and environment where they choose to become inspired, where the students choose to make the decision. Many families who are from ethnic minorities are not people who have traditionally been successful in school. You need to initiate the phone call to the parents on a consistent basis and let them know how important they are to their childrens education. Do it in ways that are consistent and that show people you care. This is an idea that transcends culture. A mothers love for a child transcends culture. If you can get through to the mother, thats what transcends. You can really be proud of knowing that you have changed a life. I have never met a parent who wasnt interested in his or her child doing well in school. Dont think you can motivate people. You set an environment where people elect to be motivated and ultimately empowered. Its a choice that people make and that sets them up for success. Dont give up on anyone. Understand peoples prior knowledge of schools, where they came from. Give them a message of hope and inclusion. Dont give up and dont try to motivate. Set this environment, and youll meet with unexpected success (Walden 2006). The need for such environment has never been so great. As educators, we need to trace the path that realizes the many needs of our children. We’ve come to the realization that we cannot do it alone. We need the role of the parents as part of the team. This involvement nonetheless affirms the role of the parents as primary stakeholders in their children’s future, particularly in education. A team whose aim is to be able to provide for our children a great investment that they made be able to reach their true promise. This teamwork is headed to achieve an increased engagement in the advocacy of parents on behalf of their children’s opportunities in learning. We are after molding fully developed citizens who will do good things to their community in return. Academic achievements are only a bonus and not an end in itself. The realization of the importance of education forbids us to deny our children the ability to achieve their fullest promises. Through this light, we cannot deny our society the benefits of our children’s untapped talents. References Alrisala Organization. (2007). The Importance of Education.Retrieved December 8, 2007 from www. alrisala. org/Articles/mailing_list/importance_of_education. html. SearchWarp. com. (2007, July 6). The Importance of Education. Retrieved December 8, 2007 from http://searchwarp. com/swa230219. html. Results for America. (2007). Learn More About Education. Retrieved December 7, 2007 from http://www. resultsforamerica. org/education/learn. php. Walden University. (2006, June 6). M. S. in Education: Teaching in Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Classrooms. Retrieved December 6, 2007 from www. waldenu. edu/c/Files/DocsSOE/Q-a_Ed_DiverseClassrooms. doc.

Agroecology and Miguel Altieri Essay -- Agriculture Agricultural Essay

Agroecology and Miguel Altieri Agroecology and agriculture in general took a giant leap forward in 1492 when Christopher Columbus discovered the New World. Previously, the New and the Old World only shared three species: sweet potato, bottle gourd, and coconut. Now that this New World had been discovered, there was much that could be gained, and it was more than just gold (Bermejo 1994). Many attempts at growing crops in the new and very different environment proved frivolous, but others found success. In fact, it is known today that many crops reach their optimum yield in an environment that is different from their own. The first crops introduced into the Americas were the European grains, vegetables, and fruits; these were unsuccessful at first. However, some crops did adapt well to the tropical environment right from the beginning, including: bananas, sugar cane, and citrus fruits. Potatoes, tomatoes, gourds, beans, and chilies have all found their way into European cuisine; these crops all originated in the Americas. Rice, a now major player in Mexican food, was also introduced by the Spaniards. African grasses also replaced low yield grass species in Latin America. This giant exchange of species would completely change the world’s diet (Bermejo 1994). Although explorers set out in a conquest for â€Å"God, gold, and Glory,† and did, in fact, satisfy all of those desires, they discovered something that was way more valuable than anything they could have ever imagined. They discovered a whole new world that had unlimited resources, land, plant species, and anything else they could ever use in their lifetime. In their conquest, however, they managed to almost wipe out a whole population, thousands of years of history, an... ... from http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/60.4/jones.html Lopez, B. (1990) The Rediscovery of North America. The University Press of Kentucky. Lexington. Sandberg, B. (2006). Beyond Encounters: Religion, Ethnicity, and Violence in the Early Modern Atlantic World, 1492-1700. Journal of World History, 17, Retrieved November 10, 2006, from http://historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu/journals/jwh/17.1/sandberg.html Schwartz, B., D'Arcy, H., Schuman, H. (2005, April 1). Elite Revisionists and Popular Beliefs: Christopher Columbus, Hero or Villain?. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69, Retrieved November 10, 2006, from http://80elibrary.bigchalk.com.proxy.uwlib.uwyo.edu/libweb/elib/do/document?set=pbsissue&groupid=1&requestid=issue_docs&resultid=9&edition=&ts=22A09C01D33E00EEC1C57E5266921447_1163398443033&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B106981986

Financial Service and Industry

Asset Transformation Purchase primary securities by selling financial claims (secondary securities) to households Secondary securities are more marketable BECAUSE Less information asymmetry Less monitoring costs More liquid Less risky Without financial intermediaries, households will find direct investments in corporate securities unattractive due to information/monitoring costs, liquidity cost and price risk.Thus flow was funds are less, little monitoring and risk of investments would increase.Specializes of financial institutions General areas (LIP TM) Liquidity services Information services Price- risk reduction services Transaction cost services Maturity intermediation services Institution- specific (McCall) Money supply transmission Credit allocation Denomination intermediation Intergenerational transfers Payment services Information costs Agency costs 0 costs relating to the risk that firm owners and managers use savers' ends not in the best interest of the savers Financial ins titutions collect funds from households in order to avoid free- rider problem (incentive for information collection and monitoring), reduce costs of information collection and monitoring and to develop new secondary securities to more effectively monitor borrows.Liquidity and price risk Financial intermediaries provide secondary claims to household savers – high liquidity and low price risk and invest in these illiquid and risky sectors Advantage of financial institutions managing liquidity and price risk Diversification (due to size of funds) Development of better risk management techniques Disadvantage of delegated institutions Intermediary services are not free Agency issues Risk management Monitoring financial institutions Other special services Reduced Transaction Cost, I. E. Economies of scale Maturity Intermediation 0 Ability to bear the risk of mismatched maturities of assets and liabilities.Credit Allocation (Depository Flu) – Financial intermediaries are the major source of finance in particular sectors of an economy: residential real estate (US and UK), farming (Australia) . Intergenerational Wealth Transfer or Time Intermediation (life insurance, superannuation and pension funds) Payment Services – IFS provide efficient payment services to the society. Denomination Intermediation – Give individuals indirect access to large denomination markets (Money market managed funds, Debt-equity managed funds, Unit trusts) The Transmission of Monetary Policy (Banks) Financial intermediaries are widely used medium of exchange in the economy.Intermediaries' liabilities play significant role in the transmission of monetary policy Money supply in Australia (Don't need to know these term 0) MI : currency + bank rent deposits by private non-bank sector MM: currency + all bank deposits by private non-bank sector Broad money: MM + net borrowing of Non-bank IFS from private sector Specializes and Regulation Financial institutions receive spe cial regulatory attention Negative externalities caused by IFS is costly to households and firms using financial services Special services provided by IFS Institution- specific functions Example: money supply transmission, credit allocations, payment services Australian Regulation System The traditional industry- based regulation entailed separate regulators for individual industry sectors – banking, insurance and security firms. Asses 0 Australia's current financial regulatory framework originated from ‘Financial System Enquiry (Wallis Committee), Australia switched from industry-based regulation to function- based regulation. This introduced 3 regulatory agencies, each in charge of specific functional responsibilities. This reform was necessary as the distinction between the activities of different types of financial institutions was becoming more vague and also because of the overlap in regulation and grey areas.Reserve Bank of Australia (ARAB) 0 Responsible for the development and implementation of monetary policy and for overall financial system stability Australian Prudential Regulation Commission (PARA) 0 Responsible for the prudential regulation and supervision of the financial services industry Regulation of deposit- taking institutions Life and general insurance Superannuation Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIA) 0 Responsible for market integrity, consumer protection across the financial system and ensures equal and fair access to financial services. Protects against abuses (example: insider trading), lack of disclosure, malfeasance, breach of fiduciary responsibility.Major types of regulation(Scale) Safety and soundness regulation Consumer protection regulation Credit allocation regulation Investor protection regulation Monetary policy regulation Entry and chartering regulation 1. Risk reduction Encouragement for intermediaries to diversify assets Disclosure of large credit exposure 2. Minimum capital requirements 3. Safety valve Central banks' open market operations to provide exchange settlement fund 4. Monitoring and surveillance The ARAB directly controls outside money and the bulk of the money supply is inside money (deposits). Regulators commonly impose a minimum level of cash reserves to be held against deposits. Cash reserves add to intermediaries' net regulatory burden. There is no explicit liquidly requirement in Australia but Flu' liquidity management policy need to be approved by PARA.Supports lending to socially important sector Example: US' Qualified Thrift Lender test (QUIT) set a minimum amount of loans made to residential mortgages to quality as Thrift Entry Regulation Regulations define scope of permitted activities under a given charter Increasing/ Decreasing entry barriers affect profitability of existing competitors. High direct/ indirect entry costs result in larger profits for existing companies Future of Regulation Implications of SGF questioned – more regulations or more efficient regulations The major provisions include expanding and centralizing powers for Federal agencies, more restrictions and disclosures about risk taking activities by financial institutions and enhancing protection of investors and consumers. The changing dynamics of specializes Potential secular trend away from intermediation by investing directly in primary securities Decline in the relative cost of direct securities investment Growing sophistication of investorsFalling costs of information acquisition and transaction Credit Risk: Individual Loan Risk Types of loans 1. Commercial and industrial loans Short term (1 year) – financing the purchase of real assets, new venture start up costs Syndicated loans 0 financing provided by a group of lenders, usually to finance large commercial and industrial loans Secured/Unsecured loans Fixed/Floating rate Spot loan 0 borrower takes down the entire loan amount immediately Loan commitment 0 can taken down anytime any amo unt, as long as within a maximum loan amount and a maximum period of time predetermined Commercial paper 0 unsecured short- term debt instrument 2. Real estate loans 3. Individual (consumer) loans 4.Other loans, such as, government loans, farms loans Calculating the gross return on a loan Factors affecting the promise loan return Loan interest rate = Base/Prime lending rate (BRB) + Credit risk premium (m) Direct fees (f), such as loan origination fee Indirect feeds, such as, compensating balance requirement (b), reserve requirement Credit Risk and the Expected Return on a Loan 1 -p = probability of default 0MAYBE there is a negative relationship between k and p, however k and p are not independent. As return (k) increases, the probability (p) that the borrower pays the promised return may decrease. Simply increasing k does not lead to a higher return (r). As a result, IFS usually have to control for credit risk – price/promised return and the quantity or credit availability d imensions. Retails Loans Size = Small Higher cost associated with collection of borrower's personal credit information Control credit risk through credit rationing – limit the total exposure/amount loaned Wholesale Loans Different interest rates to compensate for different levels of risks Credit rationing to limit credit exposure Measuring credit risk 1.Qualitative credit risk models Borrower- specific factors Example: reputation, leverage, volatility of earnings, collateral Market- specific factors Example: business cycle, level of interest rate 2. Credit scoring models Calculate a score as a proxy of borrower's default probability Sort borrowers into efferent default classes The scoring model should establish factors the help explain default risk and evaluate the relative importance of these factors Major models 1. Linear probability model 1 if default, otherwise Weakness: the estimated default probability Z may lie outside of [0,1] Employing linear probability model is not often used as superior statistical 2.Logic model Overcomes weakness of the linear probability model using a transformation that restricts the probability to the [0,1] interval 3. Linear discriminate models Altar's Z score model for manufacturing firms Z 2. 9, highly quality loans, low default risk Z Term structure based methods Under market equilibrium, expected return of a risky loan = risk- free rate (after accounting for probability of default (1 -p)) Assuming a zero default recovery rate 0 p(l+k) = 1+1 p: probability of repayment k: return on the corporate debt I: expect return on the risk- free treasury security Example: What is the default probability for a one- year corporate bond? 10% expected return on the risk- free treasury bond k= 15. 8% expected return on the risky corporate debt p = 0. 95 Therefore the probability of default is 0. 05 Realistically, the Fl lender can expect to receive some partial repayment even if the borrower becomes bankrupt. Alton and Ban estimated that when firms defaulted on their bonds in 2002, the investor loses 74. % on average. = recovery rate when default occurs (1 – p) y (1 + k) = payoff to Fl when default occur p (1 + k) = payoff when no default Marginal default probability 0 probability that a bond will default in any given year t Conditional on the fact that the default has not occurred earlier = Marginal probability of default in individual periods Example: 2-period bond Default probability in period 1 Marginal default probability in period 2 Cumulative probability of default over 2 periods We can extract from these yield curves the market's expectations of the multi- period default rates for corporate borrowers Example: Yield Yield Year 1 Year 2 T- Bonds Corporate Bonds 15. 8% One year forward rate on risk- free T-bonds One- year forward rate on corporate bonds 0 The expect probability of default in year 2 0 4.Mortality rate models Marginal mortality rate (MR.) Forward- looking 0 extract expected default r ates from the current term structure of interest rates Backward looking 0 analyses the historic or past default risk experience, the mortality rates, of bonds and loans of a similar quality Non- default probability in year 1 the probability of the loan surviving in the 2nd year given that default has not occurred during the firs year, I. E. Prop(default in year 2 | survive yearly) Cumulative mortality rate (CM) Cumulative probability of default MR. is based on historic or backward-looking data, and it is highly sensitive to the period over which the Fl calculates the Mars. 5. RAZOR models It is based on market data.ROAR concept – balanced expected interest income against expected loan risk Loan approval 0 RAZOR > benchmark return on capital, example: return on equity One year net income on a loan 0 (spread + fees) * dollar value of loans outstanding Loan risk 0 duration or loan default rate Method 1: Use Duration to estimate loan risk The percentage change in the market value of an asset such as a loan is related to the duration of the loan and the size of the interest rate shock Capital at risk (Vary approach) 0 the potential loan Los under adverse credit scenarios 0 Increase in risk premium under adverse credit scenarios Example: Suppose we want to evaluate the credit risk off $1 million loan with duration of 2.

Junk Food Vs Healthy Food Essay

Life today is not like how it was ahead. A long time ago, people ate foods that are really safe for their wellness. People also took in a bunch of time to prepare their own nutrients. So those people were not being impressed by the intellectual nourishment that they rusted, because all of the foods that they had were natural foods and healthy. Nowadays, most of people in the world are extremely busy. Thus, It’s no secret, that people don’t have time to cook at home. That’s why people prefer to eat foods that are easily cooked or ready cooked. Sometimes They do not think about what they eat, and if it can affect their health or not. Research has shown that the quality of eating that the human eats, affect his health. Foods can be classed into two types, healthy food and unhealthy (junk). see more:paragraph on junk food is bad for health Healthy food †¢Healthy food is very important to have a good life and a better communication. Also, it can lower your risk of developing a range of chronic. As an illustration, eating more fruit and vegetables can help lower blood pressure and may lower your risk of certain types of cancer (such as colorectal, breast, lung and prostate cancer. Also can help those people have some types of disease such as diabetes, high cholesterol and blood pressure. People those eats food which has vitamins, proteins, iron and other important nutrients, they will be free from diseases, and they can enjoy their life. Unfortunately, many people think that the healthy food is not affordable, taste bad, and cannot prepared quickly. However, that’s not true healthy food can be a reasonable price for example all the vegetables are affordable. Also most fruit are tastes good. In this Encouraged many investors to open restaurants in different types day’s most peoples’ awareness what is the best for their wellness. This that provides healthy food. For example: subway which is offered healthy fast food. Or sweet frog the store how think up with the new idea of a new kind of ice-cream that is frozen yogurt. Fast foods (junk) Junk food is an informal term for food that is of little nutritional value. Junk foods typically contain high levels of calories from sugar or fat with less protein, vitamins or minerals. Common junk foods include salted snack foods, gum, candy, sweet desserts, fried fast food, and soda. However, fast  food is one of the easiest and cheapest ways of eating. It saves a lot of time and money, especially for people who are coming home from work. Everyone should think twice before deciding to eat fast food. The health risks aren’t worth your life, and animals that live in slaughter houses aren’t treated properly or hygienically before their death, which can cause many food-borne illnesses to inhabit food. Although it is easy to buy and cheap, risking a life for something that isn’t good for any person in the first place could cost thousands of dollars in hospital bills. It is important to eat healthy and make good choices when deciding what to put in your body. Don ’t be lazy and pick up fast food on your way home from work. Make the right choice and eat some vegetables.

HCA Final Paper Essay Example

HCA Final Paper Essay Example HCA Final Paper Essay HCA Final Paper Essay Many people tend to be blind when It comes down to the Issues at hand. I fall Into the statistic when It comes to being uninsured r not having enough coverage, it discourages people to seek the treatment that they need because they are scared of what is going to happen or if they are going to receive proper care like every other individual or treated differently because they dont have insurance or money to pay it can be as simple as not being able to afford the treatment itself. I chose this particular topic to write my final assignment because I can honestly say that I can relate to this issue and it is a serious problem that has been facing Americans for a while now. In this essay I plan on talking about everything there is to know about this issue hat has been facing the US today. We all know that people being uninsured or even undesired has been a serious issue for many years now, we will discuss the major problems that are related to this issue, I will give a full detailed history of this Issue we will start from the beginning I believe that It Is Important that people know where the issue started and see how far we have come, I will discuss this problem and I will also talk about this issue in another country other than the US, we need to find out if the problem is worse in the US or outside of the US. We will discuss the stakeholders hat are involved and what they have done to address the issue so far. I will be talking about the Patient Protection and Affordable care act of 2010 because I feel that it is an important topic with the subject that I have chosen. I will also provide my own personal recommendations on what I feel should be done in the future as well as what the stakeholders should do to make these recommendations successful. I know that this is very Important and is a subject that I can relate to because I myself have been uninsured for a long time. I would Like to share my own personal experience on the Issue at hand, I think that It Is Important to have a view from both sides. According too trans-union healthcare survey 97 percent of healthcare administrators, from 22 different hospitals in 15 different states stated that they have in an increase of bad debt and has caused straining on charity programs. It has become apparent that hospitals are working to ensure that they can balance a fine line between providing quality care while also being fiscally responsible. Rod Bazaar, Cot 20, 2008 P: 2836) We are finding that more and more hospitals are cooking to healthcare revenue cycles and financial products to decrease bad debt and match more uninsured patients with financial assistance (Rod Bazaar, Cot 20, 2008 P: 2836) I believe that this is not right because people cant afford health care but still need treatment so with the system they are being put further into debt than they were initially. We know that the history when it c omes to people being uninsured and undesired has been around for decades I want to show you the history behind trying to get healthcare passed. It was in the earlier 20th century during the regressive era President Theodore Roosevelt was the very first American president to stand up against the cause of health insurance his proposal was that every American would have health insurance this was opposed and defeated by the American Medical Association (AMA), It was then during the Great Depression and after world war II when President Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman again took on the task of universal health insurance, it was defeated again by the AMA a result of this was tax favored private insurance. In the civil rights era of the sasss President Lyndon Johnson secured passage of Medicare and Medicaid which would offer coverage to all senior citizens as well as some poor over the opposition of the AMA, the Federal government would administer Medicare for seniors and states would administer Medicaid for some of the poor. During the sasss, the national debates focused on the different visions to cover all Americans, offered by President Richard Nixon and Senator Ted Kennedy. President Onions efforts were built on the model of competitive private insurance relying on mandates on employers and individuals. It was supported by insurers and the AMA. His efforts were supported by organized labor. No compromise emerged, and both efforts failed. In the asss, President Bill Clinton developed a proposal to cover all Americans built on the managed competition approach, building coverage through a mandate on private employers and requirements that health insurers offer to all Americans regardless of their pre- existing conditions. These efforts failed. Again in 2006, Democrats in the Massachusetts legislature and then Governor Mitt Rooney agreed on a bi-partisan compromise combining employer, employee, government and individual responsibility. This was the blueprint for the Affordable Care Act that Congress considered, debated and ultimately approved. Lastly it was in March of 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Affordable Care Act. It offers coverage for every American through employers, through the Exchanges and through Medicaid. It was supported by many unions, employers, insurers, doctors, hospitals, and drug manufacturers. It was opposed by some on the left because it was not single payer and did not contain the public option (Medicare) in the Exchange. It was opposed by some on the right because it was considered socialized medicine. Lucien Willis, 2012) I would have to say that we can see with the text above that many different Presidents on many different occasions have tried to stand up for the cause of health insurance for every American and they failed it wasnt until Just recently when the or the Obama Care was passed which allows people to get insurance not based on their pre-existing conditions. The P. P. A. C. A is considered to be a historic achievement given its history of trying to be passed on several different occasions by other presidents. (Cults, H. A. Young, K. M. (2012) but in my own personal opinion I loud have to say that from where we started and where we have come is a long way I believe that the passing of the Patient Protection and Affordable care act of 2010 will prove to be successful and provide people with the insurance as well as the care that they need and deserve. I would like to now discuss how another countrys health care system is compared to that of the U. S we are going to talk about Canada, I have done a search and found that Canadas healthcare system is made up of groups of socialized health insurance plans that provides coverage to all Canadian citizens. Under the healthcare system citizens are provided preventive care, medical treatments from a primary care physician, as well as access to hospitals. All Canadian citizens qualify for health insurance coverage regardless of their prior medical history, income, or even their way of living. With this amazing medical coverage it is shown that Canada has one of the highest life expectancies and one of the lowest infant death rates. Although everyone is covered through the Canadian system by no means does it mean that it is free we know that in this world nothing is free because he funds would have to come from somewhere because in order to be a successful business or a professional provider hospitals and doctors need to paid from somewhere. We know that is funded by both the provincial and federal levels, the financing of healthcare is provided via taxation from both corporate and personal income taxes. (Canadian-healthcare. Org 2004-2007) Even though the U. S healthcare system has come a long way I can say that it will never rank with the Canadian healthcare system because in Canada people are covered no matter what from birth until death it is said that under Obama care 31 Million Americans will still be uninsured, I believe that in my own personal opinion that the US healthcare system will not be fixed overnight this type of problem which is one of the biggest that America has ever seen has been around for decades and in order for these issues and problems to be solved the US will need time to go through everything and get people the help that they need, Some people say that the US will not provide people with insurance because they cannot afford it and I have to say that this is false because the government helps people out with Medicare and Medicaid for elderly people who no longer can work and people who are poor. Although they cannot help every poor person they are trying their best to make it better, I know a girl who got fired f rom her Job and signed up for Obama care she pays very little for coverage for her 3 person household I know that they are willing to help in any way that they can and they also help people find coverage without breaking their bank accounts. We will talk about the major stakeholders that are involved in the healthcare industry although the list goes on and on we will talk about the more important ones in this assay. We know that first and foremost among the stakeholders are the patients we the patients are the backbone to the industry because we are the ones who consume the services, with that being said many patients are concerned by issues of costs and quality of the services being provided and the patients who are uninsured and influential role and are one of the Major stakeholders in the healthcare industry not only because they are paying for a high proportion of the costs but because they are taking on more proactive roles in determining what those costs should be. The latherer providers which could range from doctors, surgeons, to dentists are the core of the industry and have the most to do with the actual process and the outcomes with the service that they are providing the service that they provider are done at hospitals and other healthcare facilities. Federal and state governments are also considered to be major stakeholders in healthcare they have been dominant authorities the government not only serves as payers but they also serve as regulators and providers through public hospitals, local health departments, and other facilities. The final stakeholder that I will be discussing is the insurance companies as they have been a major stakeholder for a long time even though we see the traditional plans are rapidly being replaced by managed care plans they still have much to do with the healthcare industry. Cults, H. A. Young, K. M. 2012) While we are on the insurance discussion we have read about how before people were denied coverage bec ause of their preexisting conditions and with the new Obama care in effect insurance companies are no longer allowed to deny a person coverage because of that reason and in my own personal opinion I feel that it should eave always been that way, no person on the planet is perfect we all have issues and health problems at one point in each and every one of our lives we end up sitting in an emergency room so why should we all be treated different. There are so many other stakeholders involved that we didnt discuss and they include: Long term care, mental health, volunteer agencies and facilities, health professional education and training, health industry organizations, research facilities and alternative therapies. Cults, H. A. Young, K. M. (2012) The Patient protection and affordable care act was signed by President Bark Obama in March, 2010 the law puts in place comprehensive health insurance reforms that rolled out over the past four years. As of 2014 all Americans have access to affordable health insurance people who are considered to middle or low income families will receive tax credits that cover a significant portion of their cost of coverage. The Affordable care Act will allow millions of Americans to gain coverage. The law implements strong reforms that prohibit insurance companies from refusing to sell coverage or renew policies based on an individuals pre-existing condition. The law also prohibits new plans and existing group plans from imposing annual dollar limits on the coverage they receive. Insurers will also be prohibited from dropping or limiting coverage if the individual participated in clinical trials. Starting in 2014 Americans will be able to purchase their insurance through the marketplace. Americans who earn less than 133% of the poverty level which individuals would be around 14,000 and 29,000 for a family of four will be eligible to enroll in Medicaid states will receive 100% federal funding for the first three years and 90 percent in the years that follow. (has. Gob, 2014) I know that we are all hoping for the best when it comes to the future of healthcare myself being a person who went uninsured for years and years because I feared that I couldnt afford coverage, and every Job I had lead me to a dead end, I feared going to hospitals or even dentists and ended up letting my health deteriorate. I am hoping long and happy life. I Just know that with the P. P. A. C. A it will bring a lot of people relief knowing that there is some light at the end of the tunnel because I know that I am not alone when it comes to denying myself healthcare because of the cost. When I was 18 1 was kicked off my mothers health insurance it made it hard for me because I needed to see a doctor, since being kicked off I have put my own medical issues to the side I have been diagnosed with a heart condition known as MAP or Material Valve Prolapsed I went to the ERE thinking I was having a heart attack I was only 23 years old, I was notified with what I had and have never had a follow up because I know I simply just cannot afford it. I know how to treat the pain myself but I know that I need to go see a professional. For being only 27 years old I have many health issues that I wouldnt have at my age but I know that whatever life throws at me I will be able to handle it. I am very grateful for the new Obama Care act because I am finally able to get coverage that I need to get my health on the right track. I would have to say that with everything that I have learned over the last five weeks in this course my recommendations for patients would be to go and get coverage, there is coverage available and I wouldnt recommend waiting any longer it is not worth your health to sit around and do nothing because it might be too late. My recommendations to capitals would be to make your patients feel more welcomed even if they are uninsured and undesired they are people and deserve the same care and attention as any other person we all get sick we all need treatment. To the providers I have to recommend that you provide the same treatment to each and every person who walks through the door Just because they cannot necessarily afford it doesnt mean they dont deserve it. To the government I would recommend that you make sure you help the people who truly need it help people who are not able to help themselves, I know that the government is trying to get people the help that the need UT in my own personal opinion I believe that something should have been done a long time ago. I hope that they dont stop here they need to keep going and never give up we need to have a strong support system and we need something to believe in. We have covered everything there is to know in this essay we have talked about the history of the problem with healthcare in the U. S and how it dated back to the great depression era, We have discussed the issue surrounding the uninsured and undesired population, we have talked about how healthcare differs in Canada compared to the healthcare in the US, we have went over what stakeholders are involved as well as the roles each stakeholder plays in the healthcare system, we have discussed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and what it entails, as well as providing my own personal recommendations. I know that healthcare is changing and believe that it is for the better good of everyone. I would like to say that I have enjoyed this course and have enjoyed getting to know about the Healthcare system.

Second Grade Map Project Ideas

Second Grade Map Project Ideas Here you will find a variety of map project ideas to correlate with your map skills lesson plans. Mapping My World This mapping activity helps children understand where they fit in, in the world. To begin read the story Me on the Map by Joan Sweeny. This will help students become familiar with maps. Then have students cut out eight different colored circles, each circle should progressively get bigger than the first. Attach all circles together with a keychain circle holder, or use a hole punch and a piece of string to attach all of the circles together. Use the following directions to complete the rest of this activity. On the first smallest circle - A picture of the studentOn the second, next biggest circle - A picture of the students house (or bedroom)On the third circle - A picture of the students streetOn the fourth circle - A picture of the townOn the fifth circle - A picture of the stateOn the sixth circle - A picture of the countryOn the seventh circle - A picture of the continentOn the eight circle - A picture of the world. Another way to show students how they fit into the world is to take the concept above and use clay. Each layer of clay represents something in their world. Salt Dough Map Have students create a salt map of their state. To begin first print out the state map. Yourchildlearnsmaps is a great site to use for this, you might have to tape the map together though. Next, tape the map to cardboard then trace the outline of the map. Remove the paper and create the salt mixture and place on the cardboard. For an extension activity, students can paint specific landforms on their maps and draw a map key. Body Map A fun way to reinforce cardinal directions is for students to create a body map. Partner students together and have each person take turns tracing the body of their partner. Once students have traced each other then they must place the correct cardinal directions on their own body maps. Students can color and add details to their body maps as they wish. Discovering a New Island This activity is a great way for students to practice mapping skills. Ask students to imagine that they have just discovered an island and they are the first person to have ever seen this place. Their job is to draw a map of this place. Use the following directions to complete this activity. Create an imaginary island. If you like hockey create a Sabre Island if you like Kittens create a Kitty Island. Be creative. Your map should include: A map key with symbolsA compass rose3 man made features ( a house, building, etc)3 natural landscape features ( a mountain, water, volcano, ect.)A title on the top of the page Land-form Dinosaur This activity is perfect to review or assess landforms. To begin have students draw a dinosaur with three humps, a tail, and a head. Plus, a sun and grass. Or, you can provide them with an outline and just have them fill in the words. To see a picture of what this looks like visit this Pinterest page. Next, have students find and label the following things: islandplainlakerivermountainvalleybaypeninsula Students can then color the rest of the picture after it is labeled. Mapping Symbols This cute mapping project was found on Pinterest to help reinforce mapping skills. It is called Barefoot Island. Students draw a foot with the five circles for the toes, and label the foot 10-15 symbols that would typically be found on a map. Symbols such as, school, post office, pond, ect. Students must also complete a map key and compass rose to accompany their island. For more mapping project ideas visit my Pinterest page, and to view a few mapping activities read this thematic unit in mapping skills.

Critical Management Theory (CMT) Explain Marx theories and how they Essay

Critical Management Theory (CMT) Explain Marx theories and how they applies to modern organisations - Essay Example The most important task and contribution of critical management theory â€Å"is to promote a more systematic and critical consideration of the contexts of organisational work† (Alvesson & Willmott, 1996, p.188). It is also meant to strengthen the resistance towards pressures to align with the functional imperatives and demand of the corporate wisdom (Alvesson & Willmott, 1996, p.188). CMS offers a number of alternatives with the view to maintain the management theories to radically transform the management practices. There is extreme scepticism regarding moral dispensability and as well as the ecological and social sustainability of the existing management forms in organisations. CMS has no concern for the individual’s manager’s personal failures. Neither is it concerned with the poor management practices of particular organisations. It is rather concerned with social injustice and the environmental destruction of the economic and social systems that the organisa tions and managers serve and then reproduce (Adler, Forbes & Willmott, 2007, p.2). It is important to explain the term critical in this context. A large team is considered to be an example in this case. Teamwork is considered to be a means which would be used by managers to mobilise the employees for improving their performance in business. By the reorganisation of work for accommodating task interdependencies, and by leaving a certain amount of autonomy with the team members to handle the interdependencies, such team work is considered to be the most effective and most efficient means of working in a business and managing employees. Issues like work force diversities have become increasingly important and are considered to be factors which would impede or facilitate effective team work. If such team work impedes, research suggests and finds out a way in which the problem can be mitigated (Adler, Forbes & Willmott, 2007, p.2). In CMS, both team work and mainstream theories informing it are considered to be problematic. Mainstream research ignores such problems or views them as pathological. However, critical research shows how team work can be used to take the organisation towards its goals and objectives and can result in internalising the business values by the team members. Team members than begin to exploit and discipline themselves and their peers towards better business performance and become responsible team players (Adler, Forbes & Willmott, 2007, p.2). While developing the critical agenda, contemporary developments which are beyond mere academia have influenced CMS. â€Å"Well-established critiques of the fundamental features of contemporary capitalism have been undercut by the decline and fragmentation of the left since around 1970† (Adler, Forbes & Willmott, 2007, p.2). The same period also witnessed the development of a number of social movements which opened new perspectives. Expansion of some of the European communities and emerging econom ies and the rise of the Chinese and Indian economy has modified the Anglo and American business values. These developments are directly related to the management of organisations and the daily experience of works. Critical Management Studies appeal to the faculties, practitioners, students and activists who are tired and frustrated by such conservative limits (Adler, Forbes &

Brand Image Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Brand Image Development - Essay Example Competitor Selection Coca-cola Company has been a successful company over the years and is the leading group in the beverage industry. It is known for the production of brands which include coke, Fanta, coke classic and Diet coke. It is a company that ensures that the demands of all consumers are met by their production of a wide variety of drinks. The company is devoted to offering secure and high quality beverages (The coca-cola company, 2012). They have gained the trust from customers because they provide honest and correct data especially on the nutritional information. This explains why it has a high-quality over all over the world. The products offered are of different sizes so that the consumer can choose from a variety. It recognizes the fact that the world is dynamic, and changes every day, therefore, they develop their products accordingly. The competitors have a low representation as Coca-Cola has the biggest percent, 70% of consumers as compared to Pepsi’s 20% and Schweppes’s, 10%. Analysis of Price The prices are reasonable and are developed depending on the market. They also vary depending on the size of the bottle and seasons. (The coca-cola company, 2012) Some seasons such as summer have the prices of the products elevated. Research shows that 13% of consumers buy products in relation to price. Analysis of Distribution Distribution is offered to middle men and retailers, and this way, the products are sold extensively. This incentive is taken to reduce the costs associated with individual distribution. They have one main distribution point whereby the middle men obtain the products. Coca-cola products are well distributed with only 3% who do not have some of the products available. Analysis of Promotion The coca-cola company promotes their products by conducting sales events, and develops competitions with prizes to be won. Promotions are aimed to persuade the customer and make them purchase the goods. Advertising is also a form of promotion in which Coca-cola is known for their catchy advertisements. This is done through newspapers, television, posters and billboards. They also offer scholarships to students and also sponsor events such as games (The ‘coca-cola’ brand & sponsorship, 2000). Coca-cola has been successful because of their uniqueness around the world. It maintains to be the most trusted beverage brand and is the most preferred brand in relation to the research. This shows that they promote their products in the right manner. Part 2 Brand Background Founded in 1886, coca-cola has continued to develop extensively throughout the world. (The Coca-Cola Company, 2012). Coca-Cola has kept on implementing brand strategies that involve renewing policies and systems to keep up with the changing world. Coca-cola believes in responsible marketing of their products. This is explained by the fact that they target different customers including children. The company, therefore, has a policy that co vers responsible marketing all over the world. Coca-Cola mainly targets the young people, and that is why most of advertising on media is done by young people. Coca-Cola has been the leading brand because the company keeps on reinventing their products.